Symptoms and Warning Signs of Substance Abuse

Substance abuse is a serious concern that affects millions of people around the world. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can be crucial in helping someone seek the support and treatment they need. In this article, we discuss common physical, behavioral, and psychological warning signs of substance abuse, along with guidance on seeking help.

Physical Symptoms

  1. Changes in appearance
    A person struggling with substance abuse may experience sudden weight loss or gain, poor hygiene, and disheveled clothing. Bloodshot eyes or pupils that appear unusually dilated or constricted may also be present.

  2. Sleep disturbances
    Substance use can significantly disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia, excessive sleeping, or irregular sleep cycles.

  3. Impaired coordination
    Slurred speech, unsteady movements, and poor coordination are common indicators of intoxication or substance misuse.

  4. Frequent nosebleeds or chronic runny nose
    These symptoms may indicate substances being snorted, such as cocaine or certain prescription opioids.

  5. Track marks or skin infections
    Visible marks, scars, or infections may suggest intravenous drug use.

Behavioral Symptoms

  1. Mood swings
    Substance abuse can cause sudden changes in mood, irritability, agitation, or unexplained emotional outbursts.

  2. Changes in social circles
    Individuals may withdraw from longtime friends or family and begin associating with a new group that also uses substances.

  3. Secretive behavior
    Increased secrecy, lying about whereabouts, or hiding substances and paraphernalia are common warning signs.

  4. Neglecting responsibilities
    Substance use can interfere with work, school, parenting, or personal relationships.

  5. Financial problems
    Spending large amounts of money on substances, frequent borrowing, or stealing may indicate substance abuse.

Psychological Symptoms

  1. Anxiety or paranoia
    Substance use can increase anxiety, paranoia, or fear—especially during periods of withdrawal or reduced use.

  2. Depression
    Substance abuse frequently co-occurs with depression and can worsen depressive symptoms over time.

  3. Memory problems or cognitive decline
    Ongoing substance use may impair memory, concentration, and overall cognitive functioning.

  4. Loss of interest in activities
    Individuals may disengage from hobbies, relationships, or activities they previously enjoyed.

  5. Cravings and withdrawal symptoms
    Addiction often involves intense cravings for the substance and physical or emotional withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.

Conclusion

Recognizing the warning signs of substance abuse is a critical first step toward helping someone get the support and treatment they need. If you are concerned about someone you care about, consider reaching out to a healthcare professional for guidance or encouraging that person to seek help.

Recovery is possible. Many effective treatments exist, including therapy, peer support groups, and medication-assisted treatment. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and help individuals regain control of their lives.

Related Research

Shahzadi, M., Hafeez, S., Abbas, Q., Ehsaan, S., & Khan, M. U. (2023).
The leading role of evidence-based practices in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: A systematic review.
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 73(8), 1675–1683.

Klamert, L., Craike, M., Bedi, G., Kidd, S., Pascoe, M. C., & Parker, A. G. (2023).
Behaviour change techniques in physical activity-focused interventions for young people at risk of problematic substance use: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Early Intervention in Psychiatry.

Find out more about mental health and substance use resources at NAMI Montana.